Higher education is organized in universities, academies of studies, institutes, higher education schools, hereinafter referred to as higher education institutions or universities, which have obtained provisional operation authorization or accreditation.

Higher education institutions are education providers that carry out teaching activities based on study programs authorized to operate provisionally/accredited under the law, for initial and continuing university-level training, programs that operate on the principle of quality and the correlation of educational offer with the labor market.

The national system of higher education includes all accredited higher education institutions. A higher education institution authorized to operate provisionally, according to the legal procedures in force, becomes part of the national system of higher education only after accreditation. For more information, you can also access the website of the Romanian Agency for Quality Assurance in Higher Education - www.aracis.ro.

Higher education institutions may be state, private, or denominational. These institutions have legal personality, are non-profit, and are apolitical. Higher education institutions are legal entities of public law or, as the case may be, legal entities of private law and of public utility.

University autonomy is guaranteed by the Constitution. Academic freedom is guaranteed by law. Public accountability is also regulated for any higher education institution, state or private.

Through an annual government decision, the following are validated:

• The nomenclature of fields and specializations/university study programs per union
• the structure of state and private higher education institutions accredited or authorized to operate provisionally, with:
  • fields of bachelor’s degree university studies and accredited or provisionally authorized specializations/study programs,
  • geographical locations of operation,
  • number of transferable study credits for each university study program,
  • form of education and language of instruction,
  • maximum number of students that can be enrolled

The mission of higher education is to generate and transfer knowledge to society both through initial and continuing training at university level, for personal development, professional integration of the individual, and to meet the competence needs of the socio-economic environment, as well as through scientific research, development, innovation and technology transfer, through individual and collective creation, in the field of sciences, engineering, arts, letters, by ensuring performance and physical and sports development, as well as valorizing and disseminating their results. All these are achieved by respecting the following principles:

a) the principle of university autonomy;

b) the principle of academic freedom;

c) the principle of public accountability;

d) the principle of quality assurance;

e) the principle of equity;

f) the principle of managerial and financial efficiency;

g) the principle of transparency;

h) the principle of respect for the rights and freedoms of students and academic staff;

i) the principle of independence from ideologies, religions, and political doctrines;

j) the principle of freedom of national and international mobility for students, teaching staff, and researchers;

k) the principle of consultation with social partners in decision-making;

l) the principle of student-centered education.

Structure of the academic year (according to Law no. 1/2011 – art. 136)

• The academic year usually starts on the first working day of October, includes two semesters, and ends on September 30 of the following calendar year.
• A semester usually has a duration of 14 weeks of teaching activities followed, as a rule, by at least 3 weeks of exams.
• The structure of the academic year is approved by the university senate.
• When assigning transferable study credits in a semester, a period of at least 17 weeks is considered.
• The university senate of each higher education institution annually approves, at least 3 months before the start of the academic year, the regulation regarding students’ academic activity, as well as the calendar of educational activities specific to the academic study semesters.